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Technical Note| Volume 11, ISSUE 6, e959-e963, June 01, 2022

Intraoperative Laximetry-Based Selective Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Concomitant With Medial Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy for Treating Varus Knee Osteoarthritis With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency

Open AccessPublished:May 10, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2022.01.016
Intraoperative Laximetry-Based Selective Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Concomitant With Medial Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy for Treating Varus Knee Osteoarthritis With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
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      Abstract

      High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is used in the treatment of varus knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in young and active patients. At times, a concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency is found, and there is no conclusive evidence comparing the osteotomy options for an ACL-deficient knee despite the popularity of medial opening-wedge (MOW) HTO in varus KOA with ACL deficiency. To minimize the incidence of an unnecessary ACL reconstruction with MOW-HTO, we developed an intraoperative laximetry-based selective technique for transtibial ACL reconstruction concomitant with MOW-HTO using a sterilizable metal laximeter. To successfully use the device required for this procedure, surgeons must understand the proper techniques. Hence, this Technical Note aims to give a comprehensive description of the technique.

      Technique Video

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      Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is carried out under regional or general anesthesia without a pneumatic tourniquet. The patient with right varus knee osteoarthritis with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is positioned supine on a radiolucent table in the orthopedic theater and subjected to the anterior drawer test immediately after administering the anesthesia. The test is repeated three times using a nonsterilized Rolimeter in 30° knee flexion to apply a manual maximum anterior force to the tibia relative to the femur. The side-to-side difference (SSD) in the anterior translation is calculated as the difference in average anterior laxity between both sides as per the manufacturer’s instructions. After the baseline testing, the affected lower limb and Rolimeter are sterilized, and standard anterolateral and anteromedial portals are made to perform the routine arthroscopic evaluation. The concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries are treated, and an ACL deficiency is diagnosed using probing. Next, a curved oblique skin incision is made extending from the posteromedial corner of the proximal tibia to the insertion site of the pes anserine tendon. The starting point of the first Kirschner wire is approximately 2 cm medial to the medial border of the tibial tuberosity, i.e., the entry point is approximately 4–4.5 cm below the medial joint line. A second K-wire is inserted parallel to the first wire under fluoroscopy. The depth of the saw cut is 5 mm less than the value measured against the wires to leave a lateral bone hinge. It is important to ensure that there is sufficient space cranially for the locking bolts of the plate fixator. After that, an anterior ascending osteotomy is made at an angle of 110° to the horizontal saw cut ending behind the patellar tendon insertion. The width of the tuberosity segment is set to at least 1.5 cm. The horizontal osteotomy is gradually opened to the desired correction angle and the medial tibia is fixed with the TomoFix anatomical medial high tibial plate. To minimize tibial slope alteration, the spreader is placed close to the posterior cortex. The intraoperative mechanical axis of the lower limb is set at 55% and checked using a long alignment rod. After temporary fixation of the medial high tibial plate, a second anterior drawer test for the affected side only is performed using a sterilized Rolimeter. For an SSD <3 mm, ACL reconstruction is not performed; when the SSD is over 3 mm, the ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon, if needed, is extracted using a tendon harvester. The harvested graft is trimmed and quadrupled, then connected with a suspensory fixation device and the artificial ligament. After tendon harvesting, the medial high tibial plate is fixed to the tibia using locking screws. Transtibial ACL reconstruction aimed at a femoral bone tunnel created behind the resident’s ridge is performed with a figure-four position so that the femoral bone tunnel is created lower and deeper and the graft is introduced; turn-buckle stapling is done so that the two staples do not interfere with distal locking screws.

      Technique Video

      See video under supplementary data.

      Introduction

      High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is used for the treatment of varus knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in young and active patients. HTO realigns the mechanical axis of the lower limb and unloads the affected medial compartment by transferring weight-bearing forces to the lateral knee compartment.
      • Amendola A.
      • Bonasia D.E.
      Results of high tibial osteotomy: Review of the literature.
      Int Orthop. 2010; 34: 155-160
      Primary medial KOA in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-intact knee usually involves the anteromedial aspect of the knee and is accordingly termed as anteromedial osteoarthritis (OA).
      • Mancuso F.
      • Dodd C.A.
      • Murray D.W.
      • Pandit H.
      Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the ACL-deficient knee.
      J Orthop Traumatol. 2016; 17: 267-275
      On the other hand, ACL-deficient patients typically exhibit a more extensive wear pattern of the medial compartment involving the posterior aspect as well, appropriately termed as posteromedial OA.
      • Ritter M.A.
      • Faris P.M.
      • Thong A.E.
      • Davis K.E.
      • Meding J.B.
      • Berend M.E.
      Intra-operative findings in varus osteoarthritis of the knee. An analysis of pre-operative alignment in potential candidates for unicompartmental arthroplasty.
      J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004; 86: 43-47
      Although both lateral closing-wedge and medial opening-wedge (MOW) HTOs can be performed in varus KOA with ACL deficiency, there is a paucity of evidence comparing these osteotomy options for the ACL-deficient knee.
      • Ranawat A.S.
      • Nwachukwu B.U.
      • Pearle A.D.
      • Zuiderbaan H.A.
      • Weeks K.D.
      • Khamaisy S.
      Comparison of lateral closing-wedge versus medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy on knee joint alignment and kinematics in the ACL-deficient knee.
      Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44: 3103-3110
      To minimize the unwarranted application of a concomitant ACL reconstruction with MOW-HTO, we developed a technique for intraoperative laximetry-based selective transtibial ACL reconstruction concomitant with MOW-HTO. This Technical Note aims to guide surgeons through the appropriate use of this technique using a Rolimeter (Aircast, Europe).
      • Hoher J.
      • Akoto R.
      • Helm P.
      • Shafizadeh S.
      • Bouillon B.
      • Balke M.
      Rolimeter measurements are suitable as substitutes to stress radiographs in the evaluation of posterior knee laxity.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015; 23: 1107-1112

      Surgical Technique

      The technique can be carried out under regional or general anesthesia without a pneumatic tourniquet. The patient is positioned supine on a radiolucent table in the orthopedic theater and subjected to the anterior drawer test immediately after administering the anesthesia (baseline). The test is repeated three times using a nonsterilized Rolimeter in 30° knee flexion (Fig 1) to apply a manual maximum anterior force to the tibia relative to the femur. The side-to-side difference (SSD) in the anterior translation is calculated as the difference in average anterior laxity between both sides as per the manufacturer’s instructions. After the baseline testing, the affected lower limb is sterilized, and standard anterolateral and anteromedial portals are made to perform the routine arthroscopic evaluation. The concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries are treated, and an ACL deficiency is diagnosed using probing. Next, a curved oblique skin incision is made extending from the posteromedial corner of the proximal tibia to the insertion site of the pes anserine tendon. The oblique skin incision is not used to avoid the risk of postoperative infection after HTO.
      • Anagnostakos K.
      • Mosser P.
      • Kohn D.
      Infections after high tibial osteotomy.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013; 21: 161-169
      The starting point of the first Kirschner wire is approximately 2 cm medial to the medial border of the tibial tuberosity, i.e., the entry point is ∼4–4.5 cm below the medial joint line (Fig 2). A second K-wire is inserted parallel to the first wire under fluoroscopy.
      • Lee S.Y.
      • Lim H.C.
      • Bae J.H.
      • et al.
      Sagittal osteotomy inclination in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017; 25: 823-831
      The depth of the saw cut is 5 mm less than the value measured against the wires to leave a lateral bone hinge to avoid unstable hinge fracture.
      • Song J.H.
      • Bin S.I.
      • Kim J.M.
      • Lee B.S.
      Unstable lateral hinge fracture or occult complete osteotomy adversely affects correction accuracy in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
      Arthroscopy. 2021; 37: 3297-3306
      It is important to ensure that there is sufficient space cranially for the locking bolts of the plate fixator. After that, an anterior ascending osteotomy is made at an angle of 110° to the horizontal saw cut, ending behind the patellar tendon insertion. The width of the tuberosity segment is set to at least 1.5 cm. The horizontal osteotomy is gradually opened to the desired correction angle,
      • Staubli A.E.
      • De Simoni C.
      • Babst R.
      • Lobenhoffer P.
      TomoFix: A new LCP-concept for open wedge osteotomy of the medial proximal tibia—early results in 92 cases.
      Injury. 2003; 34: B55-B62
      and the medial tibia is fixed with the TomoFix anatomical medial high tibial plate (DepuySynthes, Solothurn, Switzerland). To minimize tibial slope alteration, the spreader is placed close to the posterior cortex (Fig 3). The intraoperative mechanical axis of the lower limb is set at 55%

      Katagiri H, Nakagawa Y, Miyatake K, et al. Short-term outcomes after high tibial osteotomy aimed at neutral alignment combined with arthroscopic centralization of medial meniscus in osteoarthritis patients. J Knee Surg In press. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731738.

      and checked using a long alignment rod (Fig 4).
      • Wu K.
      • Zeng J.
      • Han L.
      • Feng W.
      • Lin X.
      • Zeng Y.
      Effect of the amount of correction on posterior tibial slope and patellar height in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
      J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2021; 29 (23094990211049571)
      Figure thumbnail gr1
      Fig 1The patient with right varus knee osteoarthritis with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is positioned supine on a radiolucent table in the orthopedic theater and subjected to the preoperative measurement of anterior drawer test immediately after administering the general or regional anesthesia using a nonsterilized Rolimeter in 30° knee flexion for baseline measurement. The maximum manual force is applied to the tibia relative to the femur both anteriorly and posteriorly. The anteroposterior laxity is calculated as the difference in average anterior and posterior laxities, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Yellow arrow indicates the force direction when anterior force is applied to the tibia.
      Figure thumbnail gr2
      Fig 2Fluoroscopic image of the right proximal tibia with first guidewire. The starting point of the first Kirschner wire is ∼2 cm medial to the medial border of the tibial tuberosity. The entry point of this wire is approximately 4 to 4.5 cm below the medial joint line. Yellow arrow indicates the entry point. The depth of the saw cut is 5 mm less than the value measured against the wires to leave a lateral bone hinge to avoid unstable hinge fracture. It is important to ensure that there is sufficient space cranially for the locking bolts of the plate fixator.
      Figure thumbnail gr3
      Fig 3Fluoroscopic image of the spreader placement. The spreader is placed as close to the posterior cortex as possible to minimize tibial slope alteration while opening the horizontal osteotomy to the desired correction angle. Yellow arrow indicates the width of medial opening wedge.
      Figure thumbnail gr4
      Fig 4Intraoperative fluoroscopic evaluation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb set at 55% using a long alignment rod. The medial tibia is temporary fixed with the TomoFix anatomical medial high tibial plate (DepuySynthes, Solothurn, Switzerland). Yellow arrow indicates the long alignment rod from center of the femoral head to center of the talus.
      After temporary fixation of the medial high tibial plate, a second anterior drawer test for the affected side only is performed using a sterilized Rolimeter (Fig 5). For an SSD <3 mm, ACL reconstruction is not performed; when the SSD is over 3 mm,
      • Rangger C.
      • Daniel D.M.
      • Stone M.L.
      • Kaufman K.
      Diagnosis of an ACL disruption with KT-1000 arthrometer measurements.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993; 1: 60-66
      the ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon (and gracilis tendon if needed) is extracted using a tendon harvester (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy). The harvested graft is trimmed and quadrupled, then connected with a suspensory fixation device and the artificial ligament.

      Takahashi T, Saito T, Kubo T, et al. Evaluation of tibial tunnel location with the femoral tunnel created behind the resident's ridge in transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg In press. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722568.

      After tendon harvesting, the medial high tibial plate is fixed to the tibia using locking screws. Transtibial ACL reconstruction aimed at a femoral bone tunnel created behind the resident’s ridge is performed (Figs 6 and 7). Remnant tissue preservations are performed as much as possible.
      • Takahashi T.
      • Takeshita K.
      Remnant tissue preserved transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with femoral tunnel created behind the resident's ridge.
      Arthrosc Tech. 2021; 10: e2501-e2506
      The graft is introduced; turn-buckle stapling is done, so that the two staples do not interfere with distal locking screws (Video 1). Detailed information about the pearls and pitfalls and the advantages and disadvantages of this technique are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
      Figure thumbnail gr5
      Fig 5Intraoperative measurement of the anteroposterior laxity of the operated knee using the Rolimeter. Change in the side-to-side difference (SSD) is determined to consider performing an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. For an SSD <3 mm, ACL reconstruction is not performed; when the SSD is over 3 mm, the ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon (and gracilis tendon if needed) is extracted using a tendon harvester. Yellow arrow indicates the force direction when anterior force is applied to the tibia.
      Figure thumbnail gr6
      Fig 6Arthroscopic image of the femoral bone tunnel of the right knee in the figure-four position from the anteromedial portal. Transtibial ACL reconstruction aimed at a femoral bone tunnel created behind the resident’s ridge is performed to create the femoral tunnel with a diameter of 8.5 to 9 mm using an offset guide inserted through the tibial tunnel to prevent posterior wall blowout with a figure-four position so that the femoral bone tunnel is created lower and deeper, thus resulting in a placement behind the resident’s ridge. Yellow arrow indicates a femoral socket-shaped tunnel with a diameter of 4.5 and 8 mm created behind the resident’s ridge.
      Figure thumbnail gr7
      Fig 7Arthroscopic image of the right knee in the hanging-leg position from the anterolateral portal. A quadrupled hamstring graft is introduced from the tibial tunnel to the femoral tunnel; turn-buckle stapling is done, so that the two staples do not interfere with distal locking screws. Yellow arrow indicates quadrupled hamstring graft.
      Table 1Pearls and Pitfalls of Intraoperative Laximetry-Based Selective Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Concomitant With Medial Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy
      Pearls
      • •
        Hold the operative knee held in the extension position during osteotomy.
      • •
        Intraoperative fluoroscopic evaluation of mechanical axis of the lower limb to be set at 55% using long alignment rod.
      • •
        Intraoperative measurement of AP laxity of the operated knee using the Rolimeter to consider performing ACL reconstruction.
      • •
        Appropriate placement of the tibial guide creates a tibial tunnel.
      • •
        Hold the figure-four position when inserting the guide pin into the femoral ACL footprint.
      Pitfalls
      • •
        Neurovascular damage due to inappropriate retractor use.
      • •
        Patellar tendon damage during ascending osteotomy.
      • •
        Hinge fracture during the opening of the horizontal osteotomy.
      • •
        Inadequate opening of horizontal osteotomy due to insufficient MCL release.
      • •
        Nonanatomic ACL femoral bone tunnel creation.
      • •
        Tibial cartilage injury and MCL injury resulting from creating the tibial bone tunnel too proximally and medially.
      ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; AP, anterior-posterior; MCL, medial collateral ligament.
      Table 2Advantages and Disadvantages of Intraoperative Laximetry-Based Selective Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Concomitant With Medial Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy
      Advantages
      • •
        Able to evaluate the change of AP laxity before and after MOW-HTO.
      • •
        No need for an additional radiograph exposure to evaluate the change in AP laxity.
      Disadvantages
      • •
        Not able to evaluate the change in rotatory stability before and after MOW-HTO.
      • •
        Need for sterilizing Rolimeter.
      • •
        Technical error and device problems.
      AP, anterior-posterior; MOW-HTO, medial open high tibial osteotomy.

      Postoperative Rehabilitation

      A postoperative rehabilitation protocol starting with muscle strengthening exercises, including quadriceps setting and straight leg lifts, is carried out immediately postoperatively and gradually progressed. Eventually, range of motion exercises are started. Partial weight-bearing is allowed at 2 weeks, and full-weight-bearing without crutches at 4 weeks postoperation. Jogging is permitted after 12 weeks, while squatting and sports activities are allowed at least 6 months after surgery.

      Discussion

      The ACL-deficient knee frequently exhibits varus loading leading to instability and medial joint degeneration as a precursor to degenerative KOA.
      • Ajuied A.
      • Wong F.
      • Smith C.
      • et al.
      Anterior cruciate ligament injury and radiologic progression of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
      Am J Sports Med. 2014; 42: 2242-2252
      ACL reconstruction with HTO is recommended as a salvage procedure in such cases for an ACL-deficient knee with anteromedial OA.
      • O'Neill D.F.
      • James S.L.
      Valgus osteotomy with anterior cruciate ligament laxity.
      Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992; : 153-159
      Despite its significance, the evidence supporting the indications and benefits of ACL reconstruction concomitant with HTO remains inconclusive.
      • Jin C.
      • Song E.K.
      • Jin Q.H.
      • Lee N.H.
      • Seon J.K.
      Outcomes of simultaneous high tibial osteotomy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee with osteoarthritis.
      BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018; 19: 228
      Valgus HTO is known to increase the posterior slope of the proximal tibia.
      • LaPrade R.F.
      • Oro F.B.
      • Ziegler C.G.
      • Wijdicks C.A.
      • Walsh M.P.
      Patellar height and tibial slope after opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy: A prospective study.
      Am J Sports Med. 2010; 38: 160-170
      Therefore, surgeons should be cautious to place the spreader as close to the posterior cortex as possible to avoid disturbing the tibial slope.
      The Rolimeter is a manual laximeter that provides a reliable measurement of the anteroposterior translation. It is an economic option that can be sterilized, is simple to use, and is portable. The Rolimeter is suitable for assessing knee laxity in the clinical setting as it waves off the need for radiation exposure to the patient.
      • Hoher J.
      • Akoto R.
      • Helm P.
      • Shafizadeh S.
      • Bouillon B.
      • Balke M.
      Rolimeter measurements are suitable as substitutes to stress radiographs in the evaluation of posterior knee laxity.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015; 23: 1107-1112
      The intertester and intratester reliability is also high when used with the same examination technique.
      • Muellner T.
      • Bugge W.
      • Johansen S.
      • Holtan C.
      • Engebretsen L.
      Inter- and intratester comparison of the Rolimeter knee tester: Effect of tester's experience and the examination technique.
      Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001; 9: 302-306
      These advantages enable the surgeon to compare preoperative and intraoperative change in SSD after HTO and decide on the need for ACL reconstruction while treating a patient with KOA with ACL deficiency.
      On the other hand, the conventional intraoperative rotatory stability evaluation is less reliable since the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) is released before performing the horizontal osteotomy. In the transtibial technique, while aiming at the femoral bone tunnel created behind the resident ridge, the tibial tunnel inlet is placed at an average distance of 13.4 mm from the tibial tunnel inlet and 9.7 mm below the tibial joint line medial to the line of the tibial axis.

      Takahashi T, Saito T, Kubo T, et al. Evaluation of tibial tunnel location with the femoral tunnel created behind the resident's ridge in transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg In press. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722568.

      This position is above the horizontal osteotomy line and does not eliminate the sMCL. There is an additional concern about the risk of tibial cartilage and MCL injuries, which can occur if the tibial bone tunnel is created too proximally and medially; hence, an accurate understanding of the technique and precautions to be considered are prerequisite for the safety of ACL reconstruction through the tibial tunnel method.
      In conclusion, beyond its risks and limitations, our technique enables intraoperative laximetry-based selective tibial tunnel ACL reconstruction concomitant with MO-WHTO for treating varus KOA with ACL deficiency, besides reducing the need for unnecessary surgical intervention and hamstring tendon harvest.

      Supplementary Data

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        Video 1

        Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is carried out under regional or general anesthesia without a pneumatic tourniquet. The patient with right varus knee osteoarthritis with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is positioned supine on a radiolucent table in the orthopedic theater and subjected to the anterior drawer test immediately after administering the anesthesia. The test is repeated three times using a nonsterilized Rolimeter in 30° knee flexion to apply a manual maximum anterior force to the tibia relative to the femur. The side-to-side difference (SSD) in the anterior translation is calculated as the difference in average anterior laxity between both sides as per the manufacturer’s instructions. After the baseline testing, the affected lower limb and Rolimeter are sterilized, and standard anterolateral and anteromedial portals are made to perform the routine arthroscopic evaluation. The concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries are treated, and an ACL deficiency is diagnosed using probing. Next, a curved oblique skin incision is made extending from the posteromedial corner of the proximal tibia to the insertion site of the pes anserine tendon. The starting point of the first Kirschner wire is approximately 2 cm medial to the medial border of the tibial tuberosity, i.e., the entry point is approximately 4–4.5 cm below the medial joint line. A second K-wire is inserted parallel to the first wire under fluoroscopy. The depth of the saw cut is 5 mm less than the value measured against the wires to leave a lateral bone hinge. It is important to ensure that there is sufficient space cranially for the locking bolts of the plate fixator. After that, an anterior ascending osteotomy is made at an angle of 110° to the horizontal saw cut ending behind the patellar tendon insertion. The width of the tuberosity segment is set to at least 1.5 cm. The horizontal osteotomy is gradually opened to the desired correction angle and the medial tibia is fixed with the TomoFix anatomical medial high tibial plate. To minimize tibial slope alteration, the spreader is placed close to the posterior cortex. The intraoperative mechanical axis of the lower limb is set at 55% and checked using a long alignment rod. After temporary fixation of the medial high tibial plate, a second anterior drawer test for the affected side only is performed using a sterilized Rolimeter. For an SSD <3 mm, ACL reconstruction is not performed; when the SSD is over 3 mm, the ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon, if needed, is extracted using a tendon harvester. The harvested graft is trimmed and quadrupled, then connected with a suspensory fixation device and the artificial ligament. After tendon harvesting, the medial high tibial plate is fixed to the tibia using locking screws. Transtibial ACL reconstruction aimed at a femoral bone tunnel created behind the resident’s ridge is performed with a figure-four position so that the femoral bone tunnel is created lower and deeper and the graft is introduced; turn-buckle stapling is done so that the two staples do not interfere with distal locking screws.

      References

        • Amendola A.
        • Bonasia D.E.
        Results of high tibial osteotomy: Review of the literature.
        Int Orthop. 2010; 34: 155-160
        View in Article
        • Mancuso F.
        • Dodd C.A.
        • Murray D.W.
        • Pandit H.
        Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the ACL-deficient knee.
        J Orthop Traumatol. 2016; 17: 267-275
        View in Article
        • Ritter M.A.
        • Faris P.M.
        • Thong A.E.
        • Davis K.E.
        • Meding J.B.
        • Berend M.E.
        Intra-operative findings in varus osteoarthritis of the knee. An analysis of pre-operative alignment in potential candidates for unicompartmental arthroplasty.
        J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004; 86: 43-47
        View in Article
        • Ranawat A.S.
        • Nwachukwu B.U.
        • Pearle A.D.
        • Zuiderbaan H.A.
        • Weeks K.D.
        • Khamaisy S.
        Comparison of lateral closing-wedge versus medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy on knee joint alignment and kinematics in the ACL-deficient knee.
        Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44: 3103-3110
        View in Article
        • Hoher J.
        • Akoto R.
        • Helm P.
        • Shafizadeh S.
        • Bouillon B.
        • Balke M.
        Rolimeter measurements are suitable as substitutes to stress radiographs in the evaluation of posterior knee laxity.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015; 23: 1107-1112
        View in Article
        • Anagnostakos K.
        • Mosser P.
        • Kohn D.
        Infections after high tibial osteotomy.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013; 21: 161-169
        View in Article
        • Lee S.Y.
        • Lim H.C.
        • Bae J.H.
        • et al.
        Sagittal osteotomy inclination in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017; 25: 823-831
        View in Article
        • Song J.H.
        • Bin S.I.
        • Kim J.M.
        • Lee B.S.
        Unstable lateral hinge fracture or occult complete osteotomy adversely affects correction accuracy in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
        Arthroscopy. 2021; 37: 3297-3306
        View in Article
        • Staubli A.E.
        • De Simoni C.
        • Babst R.
        • Lobenhoffer P.
        TomoFix: A new LCP-concept for open wedge osteotomy of the medial proximal tibia—early results in 92 cases.
        Injury. 2003; 34: B55-B62
        View in Article

      10. Katagiri H, Nakagawa Y, Miyatake K, et al. Short-term outcomes after high tibial osteotomy aimed at neutral alignment combined with arthroscopic centralization of medial meniscus in osteoarthritis patients. J Knee Surg In press. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731738.

        View in Article
        • Wu K.
        • Zeng J.
        • Han L.
        • Feng W.
        • Lin X.
        • Zeng Y.
        Effect of the amount of correction on posterior tibial slope and patellar height in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.
        J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2021; 29 (23094990211049571)
        View in Article
        • Rangger C.
        • Daniel D.M.
        • Stone M.L.
        • Kaufman K.
        Diagnosis of an ACL disruption with KT-1000 arthrometer measurements.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993; 1: 60-66
        View in Article

      13. Takahashi T, Saito T, Kubo T, et al. Evaluation of tibial tunnel location with the femoral tunnel created behind the resident's ridge in transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg In press. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722568.

        View in Article
        • Takahashi T.
        • Takeshita K.
        Remnant tissue preserved transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with femoral tunnel created behind the resident's ridge.
        Arthrosc Tech. 2021; 10: e2501-e2506
        View in Article
        • Ajuied A.
        • Wong F.
        • Smith C.
        • et al.
        Anterior cruciate ligament injury and radiologic progression of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Am J Sports Med. 2014; 42: 2242-2252
        View in Article
        • O'Neill D.F.
        • James S.L.
        Valgus osteotomy with anterior cruciate ligament laxity.
        Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992; : 153-159
        View in Article
        • Jin C.
        • Song E.K.
        • Jin Q.H.
        • Lee N.H.
        • Seon J.K.
        Outcomes of simultaneous high tibial osteotomy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee with osteoarthritis.
        BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018; 19: 228
        View in Article
        • LaPrade R.F.
        • Oro F.B.
        • Ziegler C.G.
        • Wijdicks C.A.
        • Walsh M.P.
        Patellar height and tibial slope after opening-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy: A prospective study.
        Am J Sports Med. 2010; 38: 160-170
        View in Article
        • Muellner T.
        • Bugge W.
        • Johansen S.
        • Holtan C.
        • Engebretsen L.
        Inter- and intratester comparison of the Rolimeter knee tester: Effect of tester's experience and the examination technique.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001; 9: 302-306
        View in Article

      Article Info

      Publication History

      Published online: May 10, 2022
      Accepted: January 17, 2022
      Received: November 25, 2021

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      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2022.01.016

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