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Foot & Ankle Videos: Tendon
Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair Using Ultrasound Guidance: An Intraoperative Ultrasound Technique
Rupture of the Achilles tendon is a common injury seen in patients of varying ages and activity levels. There are many considerations for treatment of these injuries, with both operative and nonoperative management providing satisfactory outcomes in the literature. The decision to proceed with surgical intervention should be individualized for each patient, including the patient’s age, future athletic goals, and comorbidities. Recently, a minimally invasive percutaneous approach to repair the Achilles tendon has been proposed as an equivalent alternative to the traditional open repair, while avoiding wound complications associated with larger incisions.Endoscopic Superior Peroneal Retinaculum Reconstruction Using Q-FIX MINI Suture Anchor
Post-traumatic peroneal tendon subluxation or dislocation is most commonly caused by injury to the superior peroneal retinaculum. Classic open surgeries usually require extensive soft-tissue dissection and have potential risks of peritendinous fibrous adhesions, sural nerve injury, limited range of movement, recurrent or persistent peroneal tendon instability, and tendon irritation. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe the details of endoscopic superior peroneal retinaculum reconstruction using Q-FIX MINI suture anchor.Hybrid Achilles Tendon Repair
In the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture, recent studies demonstrate that conservative treatment with functional rehabilitation provides good results, with nearly identical postoperative rerupture rates when compared with surgical treatment. Surgical treatment is indicated in patients with particular conditions, such as patients who are young active athletes who require early return to play or those who wish to avoid the muscle atrophy associated with conservative methods. If surgery is the selected option for treatment, the postoperative complications of each type of surgery must be considered.A Percutaneous Knotless Technique for Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures
Achilles tendon ruptures are a common tendon injury, usually occurring in middle-aged men during recreational sporting activities. Both nonoperative and operative management are employed to treat these injuries. Several operative treatments are described in the literature, including percutaneous Achilles repair, mini-open repair, and open repair. Open Achilles repair is associated with higher rates of impaired wound healing and infection, whereas minimally invasive techniques have been reported to have an increased risk of iatrogenic sural nerve injury.Endoscopic All-inside Repair of the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon in Posterior Ankle Impingement Patients
Longitudinal flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon tears are sometimes complicated by posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS), especially in ballet dancers. In recent years, PAIS has been treated endoscopically, but it is difficult to suture FHL tendon tears endoscopically. In this report, we describe how to suture the FHL tendon endoscopically with the Meniscal Viper Repair system (Arthrex, Naples, FL). Without our endoscopic technique, when a patient is found to have a longitudinal tear of the FHL under endoscopy, we must choose to either neglect the tear or convert to an open repair.Posterior Tibial Tendon Endoscopic Debridement for Stage I and II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD), formerly known as posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction, is one of the most common problems of the foot and ankle. It was first described as tendon failure but has since been revealed as ligamentous failure in addition. AAFD is a spectrum of deformities that ranges from tenosynovitis (stage I) to AAFD (stages II-IV). Regarding mild stage I and stage II disease, it was once standard to perform an open synovectomy completely removing the inflamed synovium; this procedure required a large 6-cm medial ankle incision.Endoscopic Stalk Resection of a Toe Ganglion With Color-aided Visualization
Ganglion cysts are common cystic lesions filled with a jelly-like substance and originate from a joint capsule or tendon sheath through a stalk. Ganglion cysts mostly occur in the hand region, for which surgical excision usually results in good outcomes. In contrast, toe ganglions are relatively rare, and surgical treatment is associated with a high recurrence rate because of unidentifiable ganglion stalks, requiring large skin incisions. We have treated toe ganglion cysts using endoscopy in the ganglion cyst by injecting methylene blue into the tendon sheath that connects to the ganglion stalk.Endoscopic Resection of the Tibialis Anterior Tendon Bursa
The tibialis anterior tendon bursa is located between the tibialis anterior tendon and the medial cuneiform bone and close to the tendon insertion. Bursitis can occur as a result of excessive local friction, infection, arthritides, or direct trauma. Endoscopic resection of the bursa is indicated in case of symptomatic bursitis that is not responding to conservative treatment or infection is suspected. It is contraindicated if there is skin infection at the portal sites. The purpose of this technical note is to describe a minimally invasive approach of endoscopic resection of the tibialis anterior tendon bursa through anterior tibial tendoscopy.Endoscopic Loose Body Removal From Zone 2 Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Sheath
Tenosynovial chondromatosis can occur in the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath. Complete synovectomy and removal of the loose bodies comprise the treatment of choice. An open procedure requires extensive soft-tissue dissection because the flexor hallucis longus tendon is a deep structure except at the hallux. A tendoscopy approach to synovectomy and removal of loose bodies has the advantage of minimally invasive surgery. This technical note outlines pearls and pitfalls and provides a step-by-step guide to performing this procedure.Tendoscopic Double-Row Suture Bridge Peroneal Retinaculum Repair for Recurrent Dislocation of Peroneal Tendons in the Ankle
Traumatic dislocation of peroneal tendons in the ankle is an uncommon lesion that mainly affects young adults. Unfortunately, most cases lead to recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons of the ankle (RPTD). Therefore, most cases need operative treatment. One of the most common operative procedures is superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR) repair. Recently, surgery for RPTD has been achieved with less invasive arthroscopic procedures. In this article, tendoscopic surgery for RPTD using a double-row suture bridge technique is introduced.Posterior Tibial Tendoscopy: Endoscopic Synovectomy and Assessment of the Spring (Calcaneonavicular) Ligament
A tear of the spring ligament is frequently associated with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Repair of the damaged spring ligament is an important component of surgical reconstruction in the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction because it is a major anatomic contributor to the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch, particularly if the dynamic support of the posterior tibial tendon is compromised. Extensive dissection is required for exposure and repair of the ligament because it is a deep-seated structure.Endoscopic Release of Master Knot of Henry
A post-traumatic partial tear of the flexor hallucis longus tendon at the master knot of Henry and the resultant fibrosis of the knot can result in pain at the medial foot arch or posteromedial ankle pain with trigger hallux. Open debridement of the master knot of Henry is indicated if the symptoms do not improve with nonoperative treatment. The open procedure requires extensive soft-tissue dissection because the master knot of Henry is a deep structure. Endoscopic release of the master knot of Henry is an alternative to the open procedure and has the advantage of less surgical trauma and potential for less chance of recurrence of fibrosis of the master knot of Henry.Endoscopic-Assisted Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer: Harvest of the Tendon at Zone 2 or Zone 3
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer is indicated for reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with a gap larger than 5 cm. The tendon can be harvested at zone 2 or zone 3 by minimally invasive techniques with the advantage of minimal soft-tissue dissection. The tendon can be harvested under the sustentaculum tali by zone 2 FHL tendoscopy. It is adequate for FHL transfer to the posterior calcaneal tubercle. If a double-thickness reconstruction of a huge gap of the Achilles tendon is indicated, the tendon can be harvested at the level of the hallux by means of a tendon stripper.Arthroscopic Release of Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Sheath in Female Ballet Dancers: Dynamic Pathology, Surgical Technique, and Return to Dancing Performance
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon is known as a major overuse lesion in female dancers. We describe arthroscopic surgical techniques in relation to the dynamic pathology of the disease. Crepitus and pain on moving the great toe with the ankle in plantar flexion on preoperative examination confirm the diagnosis of FHL stenosing tenosynovitis even if the os trigonum is not evident. The ankle is approached through standard posterolateral and posteromedial portals. A 4.0-mm-diameter 30° arthroscope is used.Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Intramuscular Aponeurotic Recession
Gastrocnemius aponeurotic recession is the surgical treatment for symptomatic gastrocnemius contracture. Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession procedures has been developed recently and reported to have fewer complications and better cosmetic outcomes. Classically, this is performed at the aponeurosis distal to the gastrocnemius muscle attachment. We describe an alternative endoscopic approach in which the intramuscular portion of the aponeurosis is released.Salvage Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer for a Failed Achilles Repair: Endoscopic Technique
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfer is a well-established treatment option in failed Achilles tendon (AT) repair and has been routinely performed as an open procedure. We detail the surgical steps needed to perform an arthroscopic transfer of the FHL for a chronic AT rupture. The FHL tendon is harvested as it enters in its tunnel beneath the sustentaculum tali; a tunnel is then drilled in the calcaneus as near to the AT footprint as possible. By use of a suture-passing device, the free end of the FHL is advanced to the plantar aspect of the foot.Peroneal Tenodesis With the Use of Tendoscopy: Surgical Technique and Report of 1 Case
Peroneus brevis tendon injury is the most common lesion of the peroneal tendons. The initial treatment is conservative, and surgical treatment is indicated if conservative treatment fails. It is often necessary to open the entire upper and lower retinaculum to obtain adequate visualization of the structures. We present a case in which the peroneus brevis tenodesis was used with the aid of tendoscopy. This technique should be used for patients with lesions affecting more than 50% of the tendon diameter.The “Cello Technique”: A New Technique for Ultrasound-Assisted Calcaneoplasty
The “cello technique” is a new calcaneoplasty technique for the treatment of Haglund disease. It is an ultrasound-assisted technique for resection of the posterosuperior part of the calcaneus. It is possible to resect the posterosuperior part of the calcaneus under direct ultrasound control with the patient in the prone position, with a dorsally positioned ultrasound probe, in line with the Achilles tendon fibers (sagittal line), and with the abrader in the posteromedial working portal. We describe in detail the technique for this new procedure in foot and ankle surgery.
